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At the sacrifice, Sati
finds that Daksha is
taking some petty revenge
on Shiva. He has reverted
to an ancient Vedic
practice of not setting
aside a share of the
sacrificial offerings
for Shiva, as he is
a god who operates outside
the rules of Society.
He treats her with terrible
rudeness too, and the
public humiliation is
too much for Sati. She
announces that this
life is a burden and
she will be reborn again
to a father who she
can respect and who
will respect her husband.
Sati then destroys herself
in an act of spontaneous
combustion. The assembled
gods are appalled, they
know Shiva only too
well and he would not
lie down under such
provocation. Sure enough,
two of his chief bravos,
Veerabhadra and Bhadrakali,
attack the site and
severely wound the gods
before chasing them
away. Minor figures
are slaughtered indiscriminately.
Finally Veerabhadra,
in an act that symbolizes
the contempt for ritual,
tears off Daksha's head
and throws it into the
fire, in a terrifying
parody of making a sacrificial
offering. This episode
has been regarded as
the reassertion of the
traditional modes of
worship as against the
hyper-sophistication
and contemptuous exclusionist
elitism of the Vedic
ritual. It has also
been interpreted as
confirming that Rudra-Shiva
is indeed part of the
mainstream religion
and he is to be ignored
or slighted only at
deadly peril.
Shiva goes insane with
grief, a really touching
aspect of the myth really.
He wanders the universe
hugging the corpse of
Sati to him. His frenzy
grows until it becomes
cosmically dangerous.
Vishnu realizes that
until the body is removed
from contact with Shiva
he would not move on
and begin grieving in
a manner that would
heal. He therefore cuts
the body of Sati with
his Quoit or Chakra
into a million pieces.
Many of them scatter
and fall onto the landmass
of India, and all the
places they fall at
became places of pilgrimage.
In one overarching
myth, the identification
of the land with the
Goddess became accomplished.
It is a process of sacralization;
the entire land has
been rendered pure and
holy, literally identified
with the body of the
Goddess. This sort
of Cosmic Dismemberment
to create Sacred Geography
is one of the standard
themes in myth. The
three most important
shrines where parts
of Sati fell are considered
to be Chottanikara in
Kerala, the Jwalamukhi
or Flame-faced shrine
in Himachal Pradesh,
and the single most
important of them all,
the Kamakhyadei temple
in Assam. The last is
supposed to be the place
where the yoni, or womb,
of Sati fell and is
regarded as one of the
great spots in the world
for the Genetrix Power
to be manifest. Jwalamukhi
has the tongue of Sati,
while Chottanikara claims
the foot of the goddess.
The idol in the temple
there, as well as the
one in Assam, is supposed
to menstruate and all
worship is stopped for
four days during the
divine period! Shiva
withdraws into yogic
seclusion and awaits
the next incarnation
of Sati, who proves
to be Parvati.
It must not be assumed
by reading this narrative
that Sati is worshipped
at any place. What is
being worshipped is
a manifestation of the
Great Goddess, not Sati.
In fact I know of no
place where Sati is
worshipped, nor is there
any iconographic representation
of her anywhere. The
spots where her body
parts fell are sacred,
but that is it. Sati
only too clearly represents
an imperfect assimilation
into the patriarchal
structure. She retains
her freedom of action,
independent of both
husband and father.
In a Manusmirti
dominated society where
women were supposed
to be always subordinate
to a male, this was
a very uncomfortable
position indeed for
the priests. Both husband
and father are shown
to reject her in varying
degrees for questioning
their judgement. Daksha,
because she married
against his will, and
Shiva, because she acted
against his advice.
In the next incarnation
she is shown getting
it right according to
dominant male norms.
Parvati is determined
to have the love of
both husband and father,
and also that the two
men love each other.
She will not transgress
male boundaries to do
so - when Shiva proposes,
she immediately sends
him to her father to
ask his permission!
That is of course immediately
granted. It is the mother
who objects this time;
an episode pointedly
put in to illustrate
the feebleness of feminine
intellect and the superiority
of the male, which discerns
the greatness of Shiva
behind his peculiar
exterior. That a marriage
may take place based
solely on personal liking,
with no parental permission,
has always been a Hindu
horror. This myth is
obviously rectifying
what it regarded as
a glaring and intemperate
error of the first version.
Not only has Shiva been
domesticated, the Goddess
with her 'bad' example
of feminine independence
has been 'tamed' too.
The relief to the fuddy-duddies
must have been enormous.
Realizing the potential
in the fact that the
Sati myth is so underused,
some of the Sakta and
Tantrik cults attempted
to provide the backstory
to Sati. That she was
definitely the Great
Goddess and yet treated
so cavalierly in the
main accounts, did not
sit well with them.
They created the concept
of the Mahavidyas,
the Great Wisdoms,
various manifestation
of Sati, who emanated
from her furious body
when Shiva forbade her
to attend the sacrifice
of Daksha. They are
terrifying and block
the ten directions.
The myth is very clear
that Shiva is no match
for these viragos. These
seem to be personifications
of various forms of
magic and power. Kali,
Chinnamasta, Matangi,
Sodasi and Bhuvaneshwari
are the most famous
of these manifestations.
They have gained an
immense currency, thanks
to the Tantrik contribution
to Indian art. It
is again interesting
to note that the innate
prejudice against Sati
holds true even here,
and it is her manifestations,
not her own self, that
is worshipped. Sati
upsets the Indian imagination
at some deep core and
she is resolutely denied.
Her name has become
a synonym for women
who mount the funeral
pyre of their dead husbands
in a mistaken identification
with her death. The
word 'Sati' has also
come to mean the purest
of the pure amongst
women and their great
spiritual attainments
allow them to perform
miracles before and
after death. But Sati
herself is nominally
respected and ignored
in practice.
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